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android
Android
Android adalah sistem operasi untuk telepon seluler yang berbasis Linux. Android menyediakan platform terbuka bagi para pengembang buat menciptakan aplikasi mereka sendiri untuk digunakan oleh bermacam peranti bergerak. Awalnya, Google Inc. membeli Android Inc., pendatang baru yang membuat peranti lunak untuk ponsel. Kemudian untuk mengembangkan Android, dibentuklah Open Handset Alliance, konsorsium dari 34 perusahaan peranti keras, peranti lunak, dan telekomunikasi, termasuk Google, HTC, Intel, Motorola,Qualcomm, T-Mobile, dan Nvidia.
Pada saat perilisan perdana Android, 5 November 2007, Android bersama Open Handset Alliance menyatakan mendukung pengembangan standar terbuka pada perangkat seluler. Di lain pihak, Google merilis kode–kode Android di bawah lisensi Apache, sebuah lisensi perangkat lunak dan standar terbuka perangkat seluler.
Di dunia ini terdapat dua jenis distributor sistem operasi Android. Pertama yang mendapat dukungan penuh dari Google atau Google Mail Services (GMS) dan kedua adalah yang benar–benar bebas distribusinya tanpa dukungan langsung Google atau dikenal sebagai Open Handset Distribution (OHD).
Kerjasama dengan Android Inc.
Pada Juli 2000, Google bekerjasama dengan Android Inc., perusahaan yang berada di Palo Alto, California Amerika Serikat. Para pendiri Android Inc. bekerja pada Google, di antaranya Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, dan Chris White. Saat itu banyak yang menganggap fungsi Android Inc. hanyalah sebagai perangkat lunak pada telepon seluler. Sejak saat itu muncul rumor bahwa Google hendak memasuki pasar telepon seluler. Di perusahaan Google, tim yang dipimpin Rubin bertugas mengembangkan program perangkat seluler yang didukung oleh kernel Linux. Hal ini menunjukkan indikasi bahwa Google sedang bersiap menghadapi persaingan dalam pasar telepon seluler. versi android terbaru yaitu versi 3.0. Android juga sudah bergabung dengan beberapa smart mobile seperti Nokia,Sony Ericsson, dan lainnya.
2007-2008: Produk awal
Sekitar September 2007 sebuah studi melaporkan bahwa Google mengajukan hak paten aplikasi telepon seluler (akhirnya Google mengenalkan Nexus One, salah satu jenis telepon pintar GSM yang menggunakan Android pada sistem operasinya. Telepon seluler ini diproduksi oleh HTC Corporation dan tersedia di pasaran pada 5 Januari 2010).
Pada 9 Desember 2008, diumumkan anggota baru yang bergabung dalam program kerja Android ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, diproduksi oleh Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, dan Vodafone Group Plc. Seiring pembentukan Open Handset Alliance, OHA mengumumkan produk perdana mereka, Android, perangkat bergerak (mobile) yang merupakan modifikasi kernel Linux 2.6. Sejak Android dirilis telah dilakukan berbagai pembaruan berupa perbaikan bug dan penambahan fitur baru.
Telepon pertama yang memakai sistem operasi Android adalah HTC Dream, yang dirilis pada 22 Oktober 2008. Pada penghujung tahun 2009 diperkirakan di dunia ini paling sedikit terdapat 18 jenis telepon seluler yang menggunakan Android.
Android versi 1.1
Pada 9 Maret 2009, Google merilis Android versi 1.1. Android versi ini dilengkapi dengan pembaruan estetis pada aplikasi, jam alarm, voice search (pencarian suara), pengiriman pesan dengan Gmail, dan pemberitahuan email.
Android versi 1.5 (Cupcake)
Pada pertengahan Mei 2009, Google kembali merilis telepon seluler dengan menggunakan Android dan SDK (Software Development Kit) dengan versi 1.5 (Cupcake). Terdapat beberapa pembaruan termasuk juga penambahan beberapa fitur dalam seluler versi ini yakni kemampuan merekam dan menonton video dengan modus kamera, mengunggah video ke Youtube dan gambar ke Picasa langsung dari telepon, dukungan Bluetooth A2DP, kemampuan terhubung secara otomatis ke headset Bluetooth, animasi layar, dan keyboard pada layar yang dapat disesuaikan dengan sistem.
Android versi 1.6 (Donut)
Donut (versi 1.6) dirilis pada September dengan menampilkan proses pencarian yang lebih baik dibanding sebelumnya, penggunaan baterai indikator dan kontrol applet VPN. Fitur lainnya adalah galeri yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk memilih foto yang akan dihapus; kamera, camcorder dan galeri yang dintegrasikan; CDMA / EVDO, 802.1x, VPN, Gestures, dan Text-to-speech engine; kemampuan dial kontak; teknologi text to change speech (tidak tersedia pada semua ponsel; pengadaan resolusi VWGA.
Android versi 2.0/2.1 (Eclair)
Pada 3 Desember 2009 kembali diluncurkan ponsel Android dengan versi 2.0/2.1 (Eclair), perubahan yang dilakukan adalah pengoptimalan hardware, peningkatan Google Maps 3.1.2, perubahan UI dengan browser baru dan dukungan HTML5, daftar kontak yang baru, dukungan flash untuk kamera 3,2 MP, digital Zoom, dan Bluetooth 2.1.
Untuk bergerak cepat dalam persaingan perangkat generasi berikut, Google melakukan investasi dengan mengadakan kompetisi aplikasi mobile terbaik (killer apps - aplikasi unggulan). Kompetisi ini berhadiah $25,000 bagi setiap pengembang aplikasi terpilih. Kompetisi diadakan selama dua tahap yang tiap tahapnya dipilih 50 aplikasi terbaik.
Dengan semakin berkembangnya dan semakin bertambahnya jumlah handset Android, semakin banyak pihak ketiga yang berminat untuk menyalurkan aplikasi mereka kepada sistem operasi Android. Aplikasi terkenal yang diubah ke dalam sistem operasi Android adalah Shazam, Backgrounds, dan WeatherBug. Sistem operasi Android dalam situs Internet juga dianggap penting untuk menciptakan aplikasi Android asli, contohnya oleh MySpace dan Facebook.
Android versi 2.2 (Froyo: Frozen Yoghurt)
Pada 20 Mei 2010, Android versi 2.2 (Froyo) diluncurkan. Perubahan-perubahan umumnya terhadap versi-versi sebelumnya antara lain dukungan Adobe Flash 10.1, kecepatan kinerja dan aplikasi 2 sampai 5 kali lebih cepat, intergrasi V8 JavaScript engine yang dipakai Google Chrome yang mempercepat kemampuan rendering pada browser, pemasangan aplikasi dalam SD Card, kemampuan WiFi Hotspot portabel, dan kemampuan auto update dalam aplikasi Android Market.
Android versi 2.3 (Gingerbread)
Pada 6 Desember 2010, Android versi 2.3 (Gingerbread) diluncurkan. Perubahan-perubahan umum yang didapat dari Android versi ini antara lain peningkatan kemampuan permainan (gaming), peningkatan fungsi copy paste, layar antar muka (User Interface) didesain ulang, dukungan format video VP8 dan WebM, efek audio baru (reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, dan bass boost), dukungan kemampuan Near Field Communication (NFC), dan dukungan jumlah kamera yang lebih dari satu.
Android versi 3.0 (Honeycomb)
Android Honeycomb dirancang khusus untuk tablet. Android versi ini mendukung ukuran layar yang lebih besar. User Interface pada Honeycomb juga berbeda karena sudah didesain untuk tablet. Honeycomb juga mendukung multi prosesor dan juga akselerasi perangkat keras (hardware) untuk grafis. Tablet pertama yang dibuat dengan menjalankan Honeycomb adalah Motorola Xoom.
Golden Retriver information
Description | The Golden Retriever is a sturdy, medium-large sized dog. The skull is broad and the muzzle is straight, tapering slightly with a well defined stop. The nose is black or a brownish black. The teeth meet in a scissors bite. The medium to large eyes are dark brown. The relatively short ears hang down close to the cheeks. When pulled forward the tip of the ear should just cover the eye. The tail is thick at the base with feathering along the underside. Dewclaws may be removed. The water-resistant coat is dense with a firm, straight, or wavy outer coat. There is an untrimmed feathering on the underbelly, back of the legs, front of the neck and underside of the tail. Coat color comes in cream to a rich golden. |
Temperament | These are lovable, well-mannered, intelligent dogs with a great charm. They areeasily trained, and always patient and gentle with children. Charming, devoted and self-assured, they are a popular family dog. Energetic and loving, Golden Retrievers enjoy pleasing their masters, so obedience training can be very rewarding. They excel in competitions. Friendly with everyone, including other dogs, the Golden Retriever has very little, if any, guarding instincts. While unlikely to attack, Goldens make good watchdogs, loudly signaling a stranger's approach. This breed needs to be around people who displayleadership to be happy. The Golden Retriever may become destructive and/or high-strung, over-exuberant and distractible if he is lacking in daily mental and physical exercise. Be sure to remain this dogs firm, but calm, confident, consistent pack leader to avoid behavioral issues. Some of the Golden's talents are hunting, tracking, retrieving, narcotics detection, agility, competitive obedience, and performing tricks. These dogs also love to swim. |
Height, Weight | Height: Dogs 22-24 inches (56-61cm.) Bitches 20-22 inches (51-56cm.) Weight: Dogs 60-80 pounds (27-36kg.) Bitches 55-70 pounds (25-32kg.) |
Health Problems | Prone to cancer, hip dysplasia, Von Willebrand's disease, heart problems and congenital eye defects. Skin allergies are common in Golden Retrievers and often require veterinary attention. Gains weight easily, do not overfeed. |
Living Conditions | This breed will do okay in an apartment if sufficiently exercised. They are moderately active indoors and will do best with at least a medium to large yard. |
Exercise | The Golden Retriever needs to be taken on a daily, brisk, long walk, jog or run alongside you when you bicycle, where the dog is made to heel beside or behind the person holding the lead, as instinct tells a dog that the leader leads the way and that leader needs to be the human. In addition, they like to retrieve balls and other toys. Be sure to exercise this dog well to avoid hyper activity. |
Life Expectancy | About 10-12 years |
Grooming | The smooth, medium-haired double coat is easy to groom. Comb and brush with a firm bristle brush, paying particular attention to the dense undercoat. Dry shampoo regularly, but bathe only when necessary. This breed is an average shedder. |
Origin | Originating in the Scottish Highlands in the late 1800s, the Golden Retriever was developed by Lord Tweedmouth, by crossing the original yellow Flat-Coated Retriever, with the now extinct Tweed Water Spaniel. He later crossed in the bloodhound, Irish Setter, and more Tweed Water Spaniel. The dogs were called the Golden Flat-Coat and only later were they given the name Golden Retriever. The Golden Retriever is one of the most popular breeds known today, not only as family companions but for obedience competitions, hunting and tracking, as a bird dog on both land and in the water, narcotics detection, service dog for the disabled, a guide for the blind and as a therapy dog. The Golden Retriever was first recognized by the AKC in 1925. |
Group | Gun Dog, AKC Sporting |
Recognition | CKC, FCI, AKC, UKC, KCGB, CKC, ANKC, NKC, NZKC, APRI, ACR, DRA |
Siberian Husky Information
Pronunciation | Siberian Husky |
Description | Siberian Huskies are strong, compact, working sled dogs. The medium sized head is in proportion to the body, with a muzzle that is equal in length to the skull, with a well defined stop. The color of the nose depends upon the color of the dog's coat. It is black in gray, tan or black dogs, liver in copper dogs and flesh-colored in pure white dogs. The medium sized, oval shaped eyes are moderately spaced and come in blue, brown, amber, or any combination thereof. Eyes can be half blue and half brown, (parti-eyed) or can have one blue eye and one brown eye (bi-eyed). The erect ears are triangular in shape, set high up on the head. The teeth meet in a scissors bite. The tail is carried over the back in a sickle curve, not curved to either side when the dog is excited. The large "snow shoe" feet have hair between the toes to help keep them warm and for gripping on ice. Dewclaws are sometimes removed. The medium length, double coat is thick and can withstand temperatures as low as -58 degrees to -76 degrees F ( -50 degrees to -60 degrees C). Coat colors include all from black to pure white, with or without markings on the head. The face mask and underbody are usually white, and the remaining coat any color. Examples of common colors are black and white, red and white, brown, gray and white, silver, wolf -gray, sable and white, red-orange with black tips, dark gray and white. Pie-bald is a very common coat pattern. |
Temperament | Siberian Huskies are loving, gentle, playful, happy-go-lucky dogs who are fond of their families. Keen, docile, social, relaxed and rather casual. This is a high energy dog, especially when young. Good with children and friendly with strangers, they are not watchdogs, for they bark little and love everyone. Huskies are very intelligent and trainable, but they will only obey a command if they see the human is stronger minded than themselves. If the handler does not display leadership, they will not see the point in obeying.Training takes patience, consistency and an understanding of the Arctic dog character. If you are not this dogs 100% firm, confident, consistent pack leader, he will take advantage, becoming willful and mischievous. Huskies make an excellent jogging companion, as long as it is not too hot. Huskies may be difficult to housebreak. This breed likes to howl and gets bored easily. Does not do well if left alone for a long period of time without a great deal of exercise before hand. A lonely Husky, or a Husky who does not get enough mental and physical exercise can be very destructive. Remember that the Husky is a sled dog in heart and soul. They are good with other pets if they are raised with them from puppyhood. Huskies are thrifty eaters and need less food than you might expect. This breed likes to roam. Siberian Huskies can make wonderful companions for people who are aware of what to expect from these beautiful and intelligent animals and are willing to put the time and energy into them. |
Height, Weight | Height: Dogs 21-23½ inches (53-60cm.) Bitches 20-22 inches (51-56cm.) Weight: Dogs 45-60 pounds (20½-27kg.) Bitches 35-50 pounds (16-22½kg.) |
Health Problems | Prone to hip dysplasia, ectopy (displacement of the urethra), eye issues such as juvenile cataracts, PRA (primarily in male dogs), corneal dystrophy and crystalline corneal opacities. Breeders can get hip screenings from the OFA and eye screenings yearly from a canine opthamologist (AVCO) and register the exam through CERF and SHOR). Also prone to a skin issue known as zinc responsive dermatitis, which improves by giving a zinc supplements. |
Living Conditions | They are not usually recommended for apartments, however they can live in apartments if well trained and properly exercised. Siberian Huskies are very active indoors and do best with a fenced-in large yard. Because of their heavy coats, these dogs prefer cool climates. One has to use common sense with respect to maintaining them in the heat by providing adequate shade and air conditioning. This breed prefers to live in packs. |
Exercise | Siberian Huskies need a fair amount of exercise, including a daily walk or jog, but should not be excessively exercised in warm weather. They need a large yard with a high fence, but bury the wire at the base of the fence because they are likely to dig their way out and go off hunting. |
Life Expectancy | About 12-15 years. |
Grooming | The coat sheds heavily twice a year. During that time they need to be brushed and combed daily. |
Origin | Siberian Huskies were used for centuries by the Chukchi Tribe, off the eastern Siberian peninsula to pull sleds, herd reindeer and as a watch dog. They were perfect working dogs for the harsh Siberian conditions: hardy, able to integrate into small packs, and quite happy to work for hours on end. The dogs have great stamina and are light weight. Native to Siberia, the Husky was brought to Alaska by fur traders in Malamute for arctic races because of their great speed. In 1908 Siberian Huskies were used for the first All-Alaskan Sweepstakes, an event where mushers take their dogs on a 408 mile long dogsled race. The dogs gained popularity in 1925 when there was a diphtheria epidemic in Nome, Alaska. Siberian Huskies were used to bring in the much needed medicine to the people. In the late early to mid 1900s Admiral Byrd used the dogs in his Antarctic Expeditions. During World War II the dogs served on the Army’s Arctic Search and Rescue Unit. The Siberian Huskies talents are sledding, carting and racing. The Siberian Husky was recognized by the AKC in 1930. |
Group | Northern, AKC Working |
Recognition | CKC, FCI, AKC, UKC, KCGB, CKC, ANKC, NKC, NZKC, APRI, ACR, DRA |
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